Propiedades Psicométricas de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos (BIEPS-A) en población Mexicana / Psychometric Properties of the Psychological Well-Being Scale for Adults (BIEPS-A) in a Mexican Sample

Resumen Introducción: El bienestar psicológico favorece el funcionamiento de la vida personal y social. Para su evaluación, es necesario contar con instrumentos válidos y confiables que permitan decidir y valorar las acciones necesarias para promoverlo. Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos (BIEPS-A) en una muestra mexicana. Método: Se aplicó la escala BIEPS-A y la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (EAR) a 188 estudiantes universitarios y 94 participantes de población general. Resultados: Un análisis paralelo detectó un factor único en la escala BIEPS-A, estructurado mediante análisis factorial exploratorio (componentes principales, rotación oblicua) que retuvo 9 reactivos y explicó el 54% de la varianza. La consistencia interna fue de aceptable (α de Cronbach = .78) a elevada (alfa ordinal = .90). El análisis de curva ROC identificó un punto de corte equivalente a la mediana (ABC = .72, p < .01) y otro al percentil 75 (ABC = .80, p < .01), y ser mujer, tener entre 18 y 25 años y bajo o leve nivel de autoestima como predictores de bajo nivel de bienestar psicológico. La escala BIEPS-A mostró validez concurrente (r = .57) y predictiva con la EAR (β = .63). Discusión y conclusiones: La escala BIEPS-A es un instrumento válido y confiable para evaluar el bienestar psicológico en población mexicana; sin embargo, las diferencias respecto a su estructura original indican la necesidad de una escala de bienestar psicológico diseñada específicamente para población mexicana.

Abstract Introduction: Psychological well-being favors the functioning of personal and social life. Valid and reliable instruments are necessary for its evaluation that allow deciding and assessing the actions necessary to promote it. Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Scale of Psychological Well-being for Adults (BIEPS-A) in a Mexican sample. Methods: The BIEPS-A scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were administered to 188 university students and 94 participants from the general population. Results: A parallel analysis detected a single factor in the BIEPS-A scale, structured by exploratory factor analysis (main components, oblique rotation) that retained 9 items and explained 54% of the variance. Internal consistency ranged from acceptable (Cronbach's α = .78) to high (ordinal alpha = .90). ROC curve analysis identified a cut-off point equivalent to the median (AUC = .72, p <.01) and another to the 75th percentile (AUC = .80, p <.01). The latter identified as a woman, between 18 and 25 years old with a low or slight level of self-esteem as predictors of a low level of psychological well-being. The BIEPS-A scale showed concurrent (r = .57) and predictive (β = .63) validity with the EAR. Discussion and conclusions: The BIEPS-A scale is a valid and reliable instrument to assess psychological well-being in the Mexican population. However, the differences with respect to its original structure indicate the need for a psychological well-being scale designed specifically for the Mexican population.

Fiabilidad y validez del Cuestionario de evocación mental de imágenes, movimientos y actividades: estudio piloto / Reliability and validity of the mental evocation of images, movements and activities questionnaire: a pilot study

Introducción y objetivos La imaginería motora es una técnica ampliamente utilizada en la rehabilitación neurológica. Su utilidad y resultados vienen condicionados por la habilidad de imaginar el movimiento, que puede ser evaluada por diversos instrumentos. Este estudio pretende evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento de reciente creación dedicado, en concreto, a la mano/miembro superior: Cuestionario de evocación mental de imágenes, movimientos y actividades. Materiales y métodos Fueron evaluados 29 sujetos (41% varones y 59% mujeres), con un promedio de 45 años de edad. A todos ellos se les administró, en un primer encuentro, el «Cuestionario de evocación mental de imágenes, movimientos y actividades» y el «Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised» en su versión española. En un segundo encuentro se les realizó el retest del Cuestionario de evocación mental de imágenes, movimientos y actividades. Se calcularon: estadísticos descriptivos, consistencia interna, fiabilidad test-retest, reproducibilidad y validez concurrente entre ambos instrumentos. Resultados Fiabilidad/consistencia interna: se hallaron buenos índices de consistencia interna de la prueba tanto para la escala global como para sus 2 subescalas: evocación y sensación. Fiabilidad/test-retest: no se hallaron diferencias significativas en el intervalo de una semana. Reproducibilidad: se halló un excelente coeficiente de correlación intraclase. Validez concurrente: el Cuestionario de evocación mental de imágenes, movimientos y actividades tiene una fuerte correlación con el Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised. Conclusiones El Cuestionario de evocación mental de imágenes, movimientos y actividades es un instrumento psicométricamente sólido que puede ser utilizado para medir la habilidad para formar mentalmente imágenes visuales y cinestésicas de la mano/miembro superior, a la vez que proporciona información del proceso de imaginación por el que pasa la persona que está siendo evaluada (AU)

Introduction and objectives Motor imaging is a widely used technique in neurological rehabilitation. Its utility and results are influenced by the ability to imagine a movement, which can be evaluated by various instruments. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of a recently-designed instrument for assessment of the hand and arm: the Mental Evocation of Images, Movements and Activities Questionnaire. Materials and methods We assessed 29 patients (41% men and 59% women) with a mean age of 45 years. At a first visit, all were administered the Mental Evocation of Images, Movements and Activities Questionnaire and the Spanish version of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised. At a second visit, the patients underwent a retest of the Mental Evocation of Images, Movements and Activities Questionnaire. We calculated descriptive statistics, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, reproducibility and concurrent validity between the two instruments. Results Reliability/internal consistency: we found good indexes of internal consistency both for the global scale and for its two subscales: evocation and sensation. Reliability/test-retest: we found no significant differences in a 1-week interval. Reproducibility: we found an excellent intraclass correlation coefficient. Concurrent validity: the Mental Evocation of Images, Movements and Activities Questionnaire showed a strong correlation with the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised. Conclusions The Mental Evocation of Images, Movements and Activities Questionnaire is a psychometrically robust instrument that can be used to measure the ability to form visual and kinesthetic mental images of the hand/arm. The instrument also provides information on the imaging process in the person under evaluation (AU)

[Reliability and validity of the mental evocation of images, movements and activities questionnaire: a pilot study]. / Fiabilidad y validez del Cuestionario de evocación mental de imágenes, movimientos y actividades: estudio piloto.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Motor imaging is a widely used technique in neurological rehabilitation. Its utility and results are influenced by the ability to imagine a movement, which can be evaluated by various instruments. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of a recently-designed instrument for assessment of the hand and arm: the Mental Evocation of Images, Movements and Activities Questionnaire. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed 29 patients (41% men and 59% women) with a mean age of 45 years. At a first visit, all were administered the Mental Evocation of Images, Movements and Activities Questionnaire and the Spanish version of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised. At a second visit, the patients underwent a retest of the Mental Evocation of Images, Movements and Activities Questionnaire. We calculated descriptive statistics, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, reproducibility and concurrent validity between the two instruments. RESULTS: Reliability/internal consistency: we found good indexes of internal consistency both for the global scale and for its two subscales: evocation and sensation. Reliability/test-retest: we found no significant differences in a 1-week interval. Reproducibility: we found an excellent intraclass correlation coefficient. Concurrent validity: the Mental Evocation of Images, Movements and Activities Questionnaire showed a strong correlation with the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised. CONCLUSIONS: The Mental Evocation of Images, Movements and Activities Questionnaire is a psychometrically robust instrument that can be used to measure the ability to form visual and kinesthetic mental images of the hand/arm. The instrument also provides information on the imaging process in the person under evaluation.

Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente: Invarianza factorial entre géneros y relación con la violencia de pareja / Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Factorial invariance by gender and relation with intimate partner violence

La Teoría del Sexismo Ambivalente propone que el sexismo es un constructo multidimensional compuesto por dos tipos de creencias sexistas, unas de carácter hostil y otras de tipo benevolente. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue analizar la estructura factorial del instrumento derivado de esta teoría, su invarianza factorial entre géneros y su relación con la violencia de pareja. Mediante un formulario en internet, 745 participantes de ambos sexos de población general de Argentina, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 45 años, respondieron el Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente (ISA) (Glick & Fiske, 1996). El ISA demostró puntuaciones y una estructura factorial invariantes entre hombres y mujeres. La relación entre las puntuaciones en el ISA y la violencia de pareja varió en función del tipo de violencia considerado (amenazas vs. violencia física) y el género del miembro de la pareja. Las puntuaciones en Sexismo Hostil fueron mayores en las mujeres que ejercieron violencia física comparadas con otras mujeres, pero no en los hombres. También fueron superiores en quienes sufrieron esta conducta, tanto hombres como mujeres. Se discuten las implicancias de estos resultados a la luz de estudios previos que emplean el ISA, principalmente en población de habla hispana.

The Ambivalent Sexism Theory proposes that sexism is a multidimensional construct composed of two types of sexist beliefs, on the one hand, hostile and, on the other hand, benevolent. The first refers to negative attitudes towards women as weak and inferior to men, and the second refers to the set of sexist attitudes towards women considering them stereotyped and limited to certain roles (i.e. mother, wife, and housewife). The main objective of this study was to analyse the factor structure and factorial invariance by gender of the instrument derived from this theory and its concurrent validity with a measure of intimate partner physical violence. Another objective of the study was to establish comparisons in ISA scores by gender and cross-culturally. The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) (Glick & Fiske, 1996) was answered through an online form by 745 participants of both sexes from an Argentinean general population sample aged between 18 and 45 years old. By means of a confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis the data in this sample showed a good adjustment to the ASI structure proposed by its authors, this is a one-dimensional factor (SH) and three subfactors (protective paternalism, complementary gender differentiation and heterosexual intimacy) that make up the second-order factor SB. This factorial structure remained invariant when discriminating between men and women. The correlation between both factors was robust and significant (r = .68) both in the general sample, and differentiating by gender. The reliability of the factors and subfactors was between a moderate and high level (α = .62 to .91). No significant differences were found between men and women in the mean scores of the ASI factors and subfactors. Approximately 1 in 3 subjects reported having perpetrated or suffered intimate partner physical violence. In general terms, those who have perpetrated or have suffered violence had higher scores in SH and SB that those who did not, but this effect was only significant in the case of women. The relationships found between ASI scores and intimate partner physical violence varied by gender and violence directionality (suffered or perpetrated). The ASI scores were lower in countries close to Argentina probably due to a sample mainly composed by young women with a high education level. Our results support the idea that ambivalent sexism is an invariable transcultural construct between men and women, and that the ISA is avalid and reliable measure in the Argentine population. The limitations of results are discussed and the implications are analyses in light of previous studies using the ASI, mainly in Spanish-speaking population.

Correlational study of psychological variables self-confidence and anxiety / Estudo da correlação das variáveis psicológicas autoconfiança e ansiedade / Estudio correlacional de las variables psicológicas autoconfianza y ansiedad

The purpose of this study is to analyze the concurrent validity of the psychological variables self-confidence and anxiety among the psychological measurement instruments: Psychological Characteristics Questionnaire related to Sports Performance (CPRD); Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2); and Sports Psychological Inventory LOEHR. For this purpose, a correlational study was conducted between the selected variables and pertinent aspects of the measurement instruments. The study has revealed that the psychological variables self-confidence and anxiety are relevant in all three instruments, although not in all of the selected items.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a validade concorrente das variáveis psicológicas de autoconfiança e ansiedade entre os instrumentos de medição psicológica: Questionário de Características Psicológicas relacionadas ao Desempenho Esportivo (CPRD), Inventário de Ansiedade Estado Competitivo-2 (CSAI-2) e Inventário Psicológico Esportivo LOEHR. Para isso foi realizado um estudo de correlação entre os itens selecionados e coincidentes em tais instrumentos. A análise revelou que as variáveis psicológicas autoconfiança e ansiedade guardam relação nos três instrumentos, mas não em todos os itens selecionados.

El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar la validez concurrente de las variables psicológicas autoconfianza y ansiedad entre los instrumentos de medición psicológica: Cuestionario de Características Psicológicas relacionadas con el Rendimiento Deportivo (CPRD), Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) e Inventario Psicológico Deportivo LOEHR. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio correlacional entre los ítems seleccionados y coincidentes en dichos instrumentos. El estudio ha revelado que las variables psicológicas autoconfianza y ansiedad guardan relación en los tres instrumentos, aunque no en todos los ítems seleccionados.

Validez concurrente de la versión mexicana de las escalas de Apoyo Social Percibido de la Familia y los Amigos (PSS-Fa y PSS-Fr) / Concurrent Validity of the Mexican Version of the Perceived Social Support from Family and Friend Scales (PSS-Fa & PSS-Fr)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo probar las cualidades psicométricas de las escalas PSS-Fa y PSS-Fr (Procidano & Heller, 1983), obteniendo su validez concurrente. El estudio se llevó a cabo en estudiantes mexicanos de nivel universitario con edades de 18 a 31 años. Se calcularon las correlaciones de las escalas de interés con otras variables teóricamente vinculadas al Apoyo Social Percibido como Estrés Percibido (PSS), Optimismo (LOT-R O), Pesimismo (LOT-R P), Estilos de Apego (RQ), Satisfacción en la Vida (SWLS), Número de la red de Apoyo y Satisfacción con la red de apoyo (SSQ6-N y SSQ6-S), Afecto Positivo y Negativo (PANAS-AP y AN), y Deseabilidad Social como variable de control (MC-SDS). También se realizaron comparaciones entre los extremos alto y bajo en apoyo social, y se encontraron diferencias significativas en algunas de las variables criterio. Se concluye que las escalas cuentan con evidencia empírica de su adecuada validez convergente y divergente y su poder discriminante para medir el apoyo social percibido.

The study aimed to test the psychometric qualities of PSS-Fa and PSS-Fr scales (Procidano & Heller, 1983), and their concurrent validity. The sample consisted of college Mexican students ranging from 18 to 31 years of age. In order to determine the concurrent validity, the scales were correlated with other psychological measures theoretically related to the construct of Perceived Social Support, such as Perceived Stress (PSS), Optimism (LOT-R O), Pessimism (LOT-R P), Attachment Styles (RQ), Life Satisfaction (SWLS), Number and Social Supporters Satisfaction (SSQ6-N & SSQ6-S), Positive and Negative Affect (PANAS-PA & NA), and Social Desirability (MCSDS) as a control variable. Finally, extreme (high and low) groups for perceived social support from family and friends were compared in each of the criteria variables and several significant differences were found. Both scales, PSS-Fa & PSS-Fr, were found to have adequate convergent and divergent validity and discriminant power to measure perceived social support.

Efecto de diferentes métodos de puntuación sobre la fiabilidad, validez y puntos de corte de la escala de depresión del centro para estudios epidemiológicos (CES-D) / Effect of different scoring methods on the reliability, validity, and cut points of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D)

Este estudio compara el efecto de cuatro métodos de puntuación para la Escala de Depresión del Centro para Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D), sobre la fiabilidad, validez concurrente, puntos de corte, sensibilidad, especificidad y fiabilidad de clasificación de la escala. La CES-D fue puntuada utilizando el método "ordinal" convencional, dos métodos binarios ("presencia" y "persistencia" de los síntomas) y un nuevo sistema de puntuación "semanal". A partir de análisis psicométricos y de curvas ROC, realizados sobre una muestra normativa (n=1143) y clínica (n=44), se encontró que los métodos "ordinal" y "semanal" se desempeñan mejor en la detección de depresión. Por otro lado, el método por "persistencia" de los síntomas mostró el peor desempeño. En general, los resultados muestran que el método de puntuación tiene efecto en la fiabilidad y validez de la CES-D.

This study compare the effect of four scoring methods for the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) on score reliability, concurrent validity, cut points, sensibility, specificity and classifica-tion reliability of the scale. The CES-D was scored using the conventional "ordinal" method, two binary methods ("presence" and "persistence" of symptoms) and a new "weekly" scoring system. On the basis of both psychometric analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, performed on normative (n=1143) and clinical (n=44) samples, it was found that the "ordinal" and "weekly" methods performed best in detecting depression. On the other hand, the "persistence" of symptoms method resulted in worse performance. Overall, the results indícate that the scoring method has an effect on the reliability and validity of the CES-D.

Versión en español de la Escala de Ansiedad para Niños de Spence (SCAS) / Spanish version of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS)

Quinientos cincuenta y cuatro niños de población general, de 8 a 12 años, respondieron a la Escala de Ansiedad para Niños de Spence en español (SCAS), al ITA-UNAM, que mide ansiedad y al CES-D, que mide depresión. Se investigó si se confirmaba el modelo estructural de la SCAS hallado por Spence. Mediante análisis confirmatorio, se probaron dos modelos: uno de 38 ítems y otro de 32 ítems, ambos con 6 factores relacionados, englobados bajo un factor de orden superior de ansiedad general. El modelo de 38 ítems se ajustó razonablemente, confirmando el encontrado por Spence. Pero, el modelo de 32 ítems ajustó mejor. Ambos coinciden con los trastornos de ansiedad más comunes clasificados por el DSM-IV-R. Los análisis psicométricos adicionales refuerzan la validez de constructo de la SCAS y muestran una consistencia interna aceptable.

Five hundred and fifty four school children, 8 to 12 years of age, completed the Spanish version of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS), the ITA-UNAM, which measures anxiety in children, and the CES-D measuring depression. The study investigated the structural model of the SCAS found by Spence. Two models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis: one 38-item and a second 32-item model, both involving 6 related first-order factors loading in a higher-order factor. The 38-item model provided a reasonably good fit, confirming the one reported by Spence. However, the second model provided the best fit of the data. Both models coincide with the most common anxiety disorders classified by the DSM-IV-TR. Further psychometric analyses reinforced construct validity of the SCAS and showed acceptable internal consistency.